![]() In Western Europe, since the late 18th century, more than 150 conflicts and about 600 battles have taken place. Japanese samurai attacking a Mongol ship, 13th century William Rubinstein wrote "Pre-literate societies, even those organized in a relatively advanced way, were renowned for their studied cruelty.'" The invention of gunpowder, and its eventual use in warfare, together with the acceleration of technological advances have fomented major changes to war itself. Scarcity of resources meant defensive works were not a cost-effective way to protect the society against enemy raids. Keeley explains that early war raids were not well organized, as the participants did not have any formal training. All of these forms of warfare were used by primitive societies, a finding supported by other researchers. Keeley describes several styles of primitive combat such as small raids, large raids, and massacres. Keeley, a professor at the University of Illinois, says approximately 90–95% of known societies throughout history engaged in at least occasional warfare, and many fought constantly. For comparison, an estimated 1,680,000,000 people died from infectious diseases in the 20th century. In one estimate, primitive warfare prior to 3000 BCE has been thought to have claimed 400 million victims based on the assumption that it accounted for the 15.1% of all deaths. For the period 3000 BCE until 1991, estimates range from 145 million to 2 billion. Estimates for total deaths due to war vary wildly. Since the rise of the state some 5,000 years ago, military activity has occurred over much of the globe. About forty-five percent of the skeletons there displayed signs of violent death, specifically traumatic bone lesions. The earliest evidence of prehistoric warfare is a Mesolithic cemetery in Jebel Sahaba, which has been determined to be about 13,400 years old. Keeley, archeologist) The Egyptian siege of Dapur in the 13th century BCE, from Ramesseum, Thebes. Recognizing that international associations are generally confronting world problems and developing action strategies based on particular values, the initial content was based on the descriptions, aims, titles and profiles of international associations.Main article: Military history The percentages of men killed in war in eight tribal societies, and Europe and the U.S. UIA’s decades of collected data on the enormous variety of association life provided a broad initial perspective on the myriad problems of humanity. The initial content for the Encyclopedia was seeded from UIA’s Yearbook of International Organizations. By concentrating on these links and relationships, the Encyclopedia is uniquely positioned to bring focus to the complex and expansive sphere of global issues and their interconnected nature. These connections are based on a range of relationships such as broader and narrower scope, aggravation, relatedness and more. It is currently published as a searchable online platform with profiles of world problems, action strategies, and human values that are interlinked in novel and innovative ways. The Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential is a unique, experimental research work of the Union of International Associations. In some countries heavy security measures are enforced and arbitrary arrest and detention of those suspected of their involvement with guerrilla movements frequently result in the execution of detainees. In a number of countries a state of siege or a state of emergency is imposed and constitutional guarantees for human rights are suspended or severely curtailed. Often it is claimed that those villages and refugee camps were infiltrated by guerrilla forces and that death occurred in armed clashes between government troops and guerrilla forces. In some cases, people trying to flee the areas of armed conflict or those who reached refugee camps in neighbouring countries are indiscriminately attacked by government forces many are killed. ![]() Villagers are also abducted and killed by 'death squads' under military control torture and mutilation are routinely practised. Intensive counter-guerrilla operations may use the strategy of emptying areas of the entire civilian population in order to eliminate any possible support for the guerrillas, and often indiscriminate killings occur, involving entire village populations including women and children. ![]() Killings may be carried out by government as well as opposition forces, and there are frequent reports of the indiscriminate killing of non-combatant civilians by government forces in areas where guerrillas are active. Internal armed conflict has resulted in the killing of many people in a number of countries.
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